On the occasion of the Special Lecture with Étienne Balibar entitled “What is engagement?” organized by the Center for Critical Democracy Studies at The American University of Paris in partnership with the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory at the University of Belgrade (IFDT) and the Center for Advanced Studies Southeast Europe at the University of Rijeka (CAS SEE), Professor Balibar received the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory’s Annual Award for Critical Engagement “Miladin Životić”. The event was moderated by Professor Philip Golub (AUP) and Zona Zaric (MA AUP).
With Professors Stephen Sawyer (AUP), Petar Bojanić (IFDT), Sanja Bojanić (CAS SEE) and Gazela Pudar Draško (IFDT).
The lecture “What is engagement?” was held on Friday, December 11th at 3:30 pm CET via Zoom.
The conference investigated the concept of testimony, notably war testimony, from different perspectives, i.e., literature, philosophy, sociology and political activism.
The first day of the conference and a roundtable on the third day were entirely devoted to the analysis of the holocaust poet Paul Celan through the contributions of Sue Vice, Pajari Räsänen, Matthew Boswell and Nina Čolović. A philosophical analysis of Celan’s poetry was provided by Petar Bojanić, while Bertrand Badiou was a key figure, providing testimony of Paul Celan’s poetry and biography.
The second day, with panels chaired by CAS Fellows Mónica Cano Abadía and Olimpia Loddo, focused on the role played by poetry in the testimony of the Yugoslav war. A first-hand testimony was offered by the Bosnian writer Asmir Kujović, while Lidija Dimkovska, a Macedonian writer based in Slovenia, paid a moving tribute to a long list of writers that are the voice of a post-Yugoslav languages. Andrijana Kos-Lajtman analyzed the influence of Dadaism on Manifest Mlade Bosne by Darko Cvijetić. Senadin Musabegović described the role played by poetry in testifying the real face of nationalism.
In the panel “Rhetoric, Politics and Poetry after Yugoslav Wars,” Jay Surdukowski showed how Radovan Karadžić used poetry to justify his war crimes. In her presentation To War or to Write, Elizabeta Šeleva described poetry as a means to redesign reality through the creation of an alternative “literary ought.” Goran Lazičić described the rhetoric and politics of testimony in the novels of the Serbian writers Svetislav Basara and David Albahari.
During the third day of the conference, with panels chaired by CAS Fellow Davide Pala, Olivera Marković-Savić showed the use and misuse of the term ‘veteran’ after the end of the Yugoslavian war, and she stressed the legal misrecognition of veterans by the Serbian state. Šeherzada Džafić talked about poetry focussing on war as a powerful form of both testimony and ethical learning, while Selma Zilić Šiljak presented the clash between dominant narratives of war and the horizontal and private accounts of it in Velika Kladuša.
In the first panel of the fourth and last day, chaired by CAS Fellow Mišo Kapetanović, Cornelia Grabner gave voice to the Movement for Peace in Mexico, while Robert von Hallberg focused on the relationship between testimony and poetry in the US. Danijela Majstorović shared her research on the construction of the Yugoslav new woman and the role of the Women’s Antifascist Front (AFŽ). Marzuq Al Halabi talked about Mahmoud Darwish, the prophet of the Palestinian revolution who created a bridge between Palestine and other international movements.
The last panel, chaired by Marco Abram (Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso), revolved around memorial sites in Rwanda (Matthew Boswell) and the role of women poets in the peace process in Colombia (Cherilyn Elston). Afterwards, Djurdja Trajković moderated a roundtable in which the role of poetry as a form of testimony was discussed. A poetry reading about conflicts in peripheral capitalism closed the conference.
After the conference, the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory of Belgrade hosted one workshop and two lectures. The workshop consisted in a critical discussion of the important book “Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities” by Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein. Fourteen commentators highlighted different aspects of it, e.g., the relation between race and nation (e.g., Carlo Burelli, Davide Pala), on the one hand, and the link between race and gender, on the other hand (e.g., Mónica Cano Abadía). Djurdja Trajković closed the workshop by stressing the strict historical connections between nationalism, racism, and classism. The first lecture, given by Manuela Bojadžijev and entitled “Is (neo-)racism a form of violence of the past?”, provided a conceptualization of the distinctive features of racism and a great overview of the main literature analyzing racism from the 50’s onwards. The second lecture, given by Sanja Milutinović Bojanić and entitled “Rhetoric of Emancipation vs. Rhetoric of Misogyny”, showed the central traits of the rhetoric of both emancipation and misogyny and illustrated them through the analysis of several historical occurrences of both emancipation and misogyny.
The coming year will mark three decades since the publication of Immanuel Wallerstein’s and Etienne Balibar’s seminal work Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. The book, characterized by a specific ”dialogical” structure, has become influential in the study of racism and in the interdisciplinary school of cultural studies. The publication of the work was preceded by a series of Wallerstein’s and Balibar’s debates at the Maison des sciences de l’homme in Paris between 1985 and 1987. In the course of these encounters, the two authors developed the unique dialogical method, the ”practice-of-theory”, which consisted in the gradual elaboration and intertwining of the three fundamental concepts – race, nation and class – through simultaneous historical-empirical and theoretical analyses.
Wallerstein and Balibar formulate in this study a complex analysis of the roles that the classificatory schemes of race, nation and class played in the process of the genesis and global spreading of capitalism, above all their role in legitimizing the extreme social inequalities that capitalism produces and deepens. Upon the analysis, the authors’ central theoretical claim is that one can identify fissures, ruptures and contradictions in the fabric of the conceptual and empirical inter-imbrication of the three categories, suggesting that any strategy of resistance to forms of social domination grounded in the race-nation-class nexus must identify and exploit these contradictions. The authors finally draw our attention to the fact that the race-nation-class constellation is constantly being reinforced in global capitalism, which also requires constant reflection about new strategies of resistance.
The seminar at the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory aims to comprehensively reflect on the relevance and heuristic value of Wallerstein’s and Balibar’s study for the present day. Within its temporal limits, the seminar will try to employ the ”practice-of-theory” method of the book in its analysis and attempts at re-actualization. The participants are invited to engage in forms of critical reconstruction, either of particular aspects of the book or its whole, and to explore avenues for the possible application of Wallerstein’s and Balibar’s perspective in analyzing manifold ways in which the fundamental categories of race, class and nation are (individually or synthetically) today used to legitimize or challenge capitalism, globally as well as in the region of former Yugoslavia.
Time: December 18th 2017 at 14:30
Venue: Belgrade, Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory (address: Kraljice Natalije 45, 4th Floor)
Program
14:30 – 14:40 | Welcome Word – Petar Bojanić (Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade)
14:40 – 15:00 | Introductory Remarks – Manuela Bojadžijev (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin/Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations-und Migrationsforschung, BIM)
15:00 – 15:20 | Regional Reception – Marjan Ivković i Djurdja Trajković (Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade)
15:20 – 15:35 | Coffee break
15:40 – 19:00 | Reflections on the Book
Participants
Rastko Močnik (University of Ljubljana and Faculty for Media and Communication, Singidunum University, Slovenia and Serbia), Gordan Maslov (Center for Social and Humanities Research, Croatia), Valida Repovac Nikšić (Faculty of Political Science, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Nataša Sardžoska (Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe at the University of Rijeka, Croatia), Vedran Džihić (University of Vienna, Austria; Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe at the University of Rijeka, Croatia), Petar Bojanić (IFDT), Marjan Ivković (IFDT), Srdjan Prodanović (IFDT), Djurdja Trajković (IFDT), Jelena Vasiljević (IFDT), Adriana Zaharijević (IFDT), Carlo Burelli (Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe at the University of Rijeka, Croatia), Mónica Cano (Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe at the University of Rijeka, Croatia), Davide Pala (Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe at the University of Rijeka, Croatia)
Organizing Committee
Petar Bojanić (Center for Ethics, Law and Applied Philosophy; Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade)
Djurdja Trajković (Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade)
Marjan Ivković (Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade)
Partners
Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade
Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe (CAS SEE), University of Rijeka
Support
Seminar is supported by Haus der Kulturen der Welt (HKV), Berlin
Petar Bojanic, University of Belgrade / CAS SEE University of Rijeka
Vladan Djokic, University of Belgrade
Focal Theme:
Throughout the history of philosophy, architecture has been widely referred to as a metaphor for conscious action and logical construction. For Aristotle the work of the master builder served as a metaphor for his philosophy of action, while Nietzsche used the metaphor of a “shaking tower of concepts” to visualize and make more comprehensible the precarious state of metaphysics. Yet architecture means much more to philosophy and critical thought than what the explanatory use of architectural imagery evokes. It was Kant who went beyond metaphor by claiming “architectonics is the art of systems”. As such, architecture is not only a cultural practice based on knowledge but moreover a cultural practice that serves the production of philosophical knowledge.
This course focuses on the double bind of architecture as a material practice and an agent of knowledge production. We will discuss the importance of architecture in the formation of thought. It will draw attention to architecture as a cultural practice between intellectual reason and sensual reason. It was Nietzsche who already emphasized the close interrelation between philosophy and architecture and insisted on the philosopher’s need for appropriate spaces for thinking. He held that after the death of God “we need some recognition of what above all is lacking in our big cities: quiet and wide, expansive places for reflection. Places with long, high-ceilinged cloisters for bad or all too sunny weather”.
Participants:
Prof. Joerg Gleiter, Prof. Snjezana Prijic Samarzija, Prof. Petar Bojanic, Prof. Vladan Djokic, Prof. Zoran Lazovic, Prof. Ludger Schwarte, Prof. Carla Danani, Prof. Giusi Struimmello, Prof. Katharina Borsi, Dr. Sanja Bojanic, Dr. Luka Skansi, Dr. Mateja Kurir Borovčić Kasper Lægring, Roberto Bonturi, Fabiana Sforza, Jelena Radosavljević, Miloš Kostić, Madeleine Jessica Kennedy, Jovana Timotijević, Jovana Stojković, Hana Samaržija, Juan Almarza Anwandter, Stefana Dilova, Mirza Vranjakovic, Julian Franke, Sandra Meireis, Andrea Weigt, Theresa Rauch and Adria Daraban.
Seminars will start at 10.00 am in the morning with open end in the evening.
In order to leave enough time for the intellectual exchange presentations shall be limited to 20 minutes (students MA/BA) and 30 minutes all others.
The presentations will be followed by 30 minutes respectively 40 minutes of discussion.
An individually assigned moderator/commentator will help to guide through the discussions.
Timetable
Monday, 11th September 2017
10.00-11.00 | Welcome and registrations
Venue: IUC – Ul. don Frana Bulica 4, 20000, Dubrovnik
Olivier Nomellini Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) Stanford University
Date: 04 July 2017 / 19.30 – 22.00
Venue: Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Sarajevo
Moderation:
Asim Mujkić, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Sarajevo
Participants in the discussion:
Petar Bojanić – Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory Belgrade, CAS SEE (UNIRI)
Gruia Badescu; Mateja Kurir-Borovčić; Gregor Moder; Marija Ott-Franolić; Nataša Sardžoski; Marek Silvazsi –Center for Advanced Studies Fellows, University of Rijeka (CAS SEE, UNIRI)
Marjan Ivković – Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory Belgrade
Gazela Pudar Draško – Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory Belgrade
Damir Kapidžić, Nerzuk Ćurak, Nermina Mujagić, Hamza Karčić – Faculty of Political Sciencies, Sarajevo
Francis Fukuyama has written widely on issues in development and international politics. His book, The End of History and the Last Man, was published by Free Press in 1992 and has appeared in over twenty foreign editions. Fukuyama’s “end of history” thesis was an influential attempt to make sense of the post-cold-war world. In this discussion, Fukuyama will reflect on his ideas and if they survived the tides of criticism and political change.
Francis Fukuyama received his B.A. from Cornell University in classics, and his Ph.D. from Harvard in Political Science. He was a member of the Political Science Department of the RAND Corporation, and of the Policy Planning Staff of the US Department of State. He previously taught at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of Johns Hopkins University and at George Mason University’s School of Public Policy. He served as a member of the President’s Council on Bioethics from 2001-2004. Dr. Fukuyama is chairman of the editorial board of The American Interest, which he helped to found in 2005. He is a senior fellow at the Johns Hopkins SAIS Foreign Policy Institute, and a non-resident fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Center for Global Development. He holds honorary doctorates from Connecticut College, Doane College, Doshisha University (Japan), Kansai University (Japan), Aarhus University (Denmark), and the Pardee Rand Graduate School. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Pardee RAND Graduate School, the Board of Directors of the National Endowment for Democracy, and a member of the advisory board for the Journal of Democracy. He is also a member of the American Political Science Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Pacific Council for International Affairs.
Organizers: Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Sarajevo; Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade; Center for Advanced Studies – Southeast Europe, University of Rijeka; Center for Ethics, Law and Applied Philosophy, Belgrade
Conference Venue: Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Campus, Sveučilišna avenija 4, 51000 Rijeka
Organizer: Department of Philosophy, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences; Center for Advanced Studies – Southeast Europe, University of Rijeka; Croatian Society for Analytic Philosophy, PhD programme “Contemporaneity and Philosophy”; LabOnt, University of Torino; Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade
Monday, May 22nd 2017
Plenary session (Room: 006)
09.00 – 09:30
Registration
09:30 – 10:00
Opening of the conference:
Snježana Prijić- Samaržija, chancellor of the University of Rijeka
Petar Bojanić, Director of the Center of Advanced Studies – Southeast Europe, IFDT Belgrade University
Chairperson: Nenad Miščević
10:00 –11:00
John Searle
The Structure of Human Society
Chairperson: Sanja Bojanić
11:10 – 12:40
John Searle and Maurizio Ferraris
The Color of Money
13:00 – 14:30
Lunch break
Monday, May 22nd 2017
TOPICS FROM JOHN SEARLE
Session A (room 401)
TOPICS FROM JOHN SEARLE
Session B (room 402)
Chairperson: Iris Vidmar
Chairperson: Filip Čeč
14:30 – 15:15
Jennifer Hudin
Can Status Functions Be Discovered?
Tomoyuki Yamada
Formalizing Status Functions of Illocutionary Acts
15:20 – 16:05
Benedikt Perak
Emergence of the Social Reality in the Ontological Model of Lexical Concepts and Constructions
Abigail Klassen
On the Multitude of Kinds of Social Kinds: Problematizing John R. Searle’s Institutional and Non-institutional Social Kinds
16:05 – 16:20
Coffee break
Coffee break
Chairperson: Ana Gavran Miloš
Chairperson: Andrea Mešanović
16:20 – 17:05
Paolo de Lucia
Dynamics of Normative Impossibility
Bojan Borstner
Metaphysics of Sociality
17:10 – 17:55
Michael Vlerick
Explaining Religion: Introducing an Institutional Approach
Lorenzo Passerini Glazel
Impossible Tokens, Necessary Types
17:55 – 18:10
Coffee break
Coffee break
Chairperson: Miljana Milojević
Chairperson: Ivan Cerovac
18:10 – 18:55
Giuseppe Lorini
Constitutive Rules and Meta-institutional Concepts
Boran Berčić
Are Nations Social Constructs?
19:00 – 19:45
Zvonimir Šikić
Why do Laws Succeed or do not Succeed?
Edoardo Fregonese
Imposing Function through Document. The Case of an Urban Plan: Plano Tomorrow in Plano (TX)
20:30
Conference dinner
Tuesday, May 23rd 2017
STUDENT WORKSHOPS WITH JOHN SEARLE AND JENNIFER HUDIN
Social ontology meets collective epistemology
Room 006
09:00 – 10:30
Opening remarks: Nenad Smokrović, director of the PhD programme Philosophy and Contemporaneity
John Searle, Jennifer Hudin
Moderator: Snježana Prijić-Samaržija
Matija Lukač: Joint Commitment and Collective Intentionality – Starting Point and Quality Criterion
Marko Luka Zubčić: Social Ontology, Social Epistemology and Inferential Individualism
Leonard Pektor: Stoic Epistemic Virtues of Groups – Can there be an Unproblematic Direct Transfer from Individuals to Groups?
Denis Paušić: Is Wide Science a Group that Knows?
10:20 – 10:30
Coffee break
10:30 – 11:05
Moderator: Nenad Smokrović
David Grčki: How Bad is the “Bad Argument”
Aleksandar Šušnjar: Some Reflections on Searle’s View on the Connection between Language and Institution
Kristina Lekić: Group-mind and autism: Can we Talk about the Cognition of the Group of Autistic Persons?
Tuesday, May 23rd 2017
TOPICS FROM JOHN SEARLE
Session A (room 401)
VARIA
Session B (room 402)
Chairperson: Iris Vidmar
Chairperson: Neven Petrović
11:10 – 11:55
Guglielmo Feis
Some (Alternative?) Facts for Searlean Social Ontology
Miljana Milojevic
Extended Mind and Personal Identity
12:00 – 12:45
Alice Borghi
Groups and Populism: a Case Study on Searlean Deontic Powers
Iva Bubalo
Semantics in Computational Cognition?
12:50 – 14:00
Lunch break
Tuesday, May 23rd 2017
TOPICS FROM JOHN SEARLE
Session A (room 401)
VARIA
Session B (room 402)
Chairperson: Nebojša Zelič
Chairperson: Boran Berčić
14:15 – 15:00
Imke Maessen
Ordinary Citizens as the Source of Legal Validity
Danilo Šuster
On the Limits of Argumentation
15:05 – 15:50
Maria Matuszkiewicz
An Argument for a Minimal Mental Internalism
Nenad Smokrović
A Real Nature of Argumentation: Individual or Social?
The Center for Advanced Studies – Southeast Europe (CAS SEE) at the University of Rijeka organized the 5th Fellows Inauguration at the University Campus Akvarij caffé on Thursday, March 16, 2017.
The Fellows will stay and work at the CAS SEE premises in the following ten months divided in two terms (Spring and Autumn 2017/2018) and present their research to the representatives of the University, the Academia and the public.
Themes of their research are relevant for the current social and humanistic political debates which focus on:
1.Making Inclusive Cities: Towards Participatory Governance Practices
2. Critical Theory
During their stay in Rijeka, the CAS-SEE fellows will, according to their research themes and proposals, be involved in the work of the Sweet&Salt flagship, hosted by the CAS SEE, within the Rijeka 2020 – European Capital of Culture project.
The fifth generation of CAS SEE Fellows was welcomed by:
Vice-rector for Students and Studies, Full Prof. Snježana Prijić-Samaržija, Ph.D., Rector-elect at the University of Rijeka, Executive director of CAS SEE, Ass. Prof. Sanja Bojanić, Ph.D., Vice-Dean for International relations at the Academy of Applied Arts in Rijeka, Irena Kregar – Šegota, Development and Strategic Partnerships Director, Rijeka 2020 Agency, Full Prof. Idis Turato, Sweet&Salt Flagship Director (Rijeka 2020 – ECOC)
Please join us in congratulating the following 2017-2018 Spring and Autumn CAS-SEE Fellowship Awards, University of Rijeka recipients:
SPRING 2017
Mateja Kurir (Ljubljana, Slovenia) Architecture as ideology: the perspectives of critical theory from modernism to the present
Gruia Badescu (Oxford University, UK) Spatializing Cultural Policies and Activism in Croatia and Romania: A Comparative, Transnational Study
Marek Szilvasi (Budapest, Hungary) Between Commodity and Common Public Good: Access to Water and its Relevance for Roma People in Europe
Natasha Sardžoska (Skopje, Macedonia) Mapping of spatial memory in limitrophe cities, landscapes, borders and bodies in Istria
Gregor Moder (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) Critical Theory. Truth in Politics: Comedy, Sophistry and Critique
Marija Ott Franolić (Zagreb, Croatia) Read, Think, Act
The second day of the Aktionstage: Refugees – Migration – Democracy Symposium held at the Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien hosted a panel with the 4th generation of CAS-SEE Fellows. CAS-SEE Director Petar Bojanic provided Input on the subject of Europe, Refugees, Hospitality, Destitution. The 6th panel of the Symposium, entitled Towards a new research agenda: Debate and exchange on current topics and critical junctures for thinking and researching in the field of refugees, migration and democracy, hosted young speakers that provided fresh perspectives on the subject.
Panelists:
• Mariana Fragkou (Greek Council for Refugees, Athens),
• Andjelka Pantović (Asylum Protection Centre, Belgrade),
• Sanja Bojanić (CAS SEE, University of Rijeka),
• Kevin Hinterberger (IWM, University of Vienna), Ilker Ataç (University of Vienna),
• Ernesto C. Sferrazza Papa (CAS SEE Fellow, Rijeka/Torino)
• Deana Jovanović (CAS SEE Fellow)
• Carlos González Villa (CAS SEE Fellow)
• Andrew Hodges (CAS SEE Fellow)
• Anton Markoč (CAS SEE Fellow)
Moderation: Heide Hammer (Refugee Convoy – Schienenersatzverkehr für Flüchtlinge, Vienna)
Foto: Sabine Schwaighofer, Initiative Minderheiten | Kristina Smoljanovic, CAS SEE
The course includes perspectives of social and political philosophers and architects on the issue of social inequality in cities and intimately related issues such as people’s quality of life and wellbeing. The assumed notion of cities contains an institutional component (a jurisdiction issue), a spatial component (an architectural issue of housing, density of buildings and citizens, a continuous district of settlement), and a cultural component (a particular state of mind which we call “Civicism”). The main aim of the course is to discuss a proposed model of measuring inequality in European cities (as distinguished from states), and then to suggest principles for policies meant to reduce urban inequality in cities in which the majority of people reside, and some of which enjoy budgets larger than most countries’ budgets. At the course the lecturers will argue for bottom-up moral and political reasoning that avoids both full paternalism and full populism while combining objective and subjective approaches. We will discuss the view that philosophy and architecture should begin with understanding the challenges to policy makers and architects (as creators of the cities) from which they should derive to develop and offer the models for improving the general quality of life. Special accent will be put on the developing the Dynamic Public Reflective Equilibrium as the optimal research methodology aimed to reduce political, economic, gender and other forms of inequalities in the city.
* ECTS points available for MA and PhD students. The requirements for ECTS credits are (i) participation on at least 80% of lectures, (ii) presentation of the original paper on the topic of the course/discussion papers on the papers provided by lecturers
Course lecturers:
Avner de Shalit /Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jonatan Wolff / University College London
Snjezana Prijic Samarzija / CAS SEE – University of Rijeka
Petar Bojanic / CAS SEE – University of Rijeka, University of Belgrade
Vladan Djokic / University of Belgrade
Idis Turato / University of Zagreb
Sandra Meireis / Institute for Architecture –Technical University Berlin
Zoran Lazović / University of Belgrade
Course directors:
Avner de Shalit (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Jonatan Wolff (University College London), Snjezana Prijic Samarzija (CAS SEE – University of Rijeka), Petar Bojanic (CAS SEE – University of Rijeka University of Belgrade), Joerg Glitter (Technical University of Berlin) Vladan Djokic (University of Belgrade)
Petar Bojanic (CAS SEE, Belgrade Institute for Philosphy and Social Theory) gave a keynote lecture On Counter-Institution. Europe, Refuge, Hospitality, Destitution (Chair: Dan Lazea), on June 4th at the Refugees, Migrants and Cosmo-Politics Conference in Bucharest, organized by the New Europe (more…)
